International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States; it is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. It is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944, was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff.Following the reconstruction of Europe, the Bank's mandate expanded to advancing worldwide economic development and eradicating poverty. The IBRD provides commercial-grade or concessional financing to sovereign states to fund projects that seek to improve transportation and infrastructure, education, domestic policy, environmental consciousness, energy investments, healthcare, access to food and potable water, and access to improved sanitation.
The IBRD is owned and governed by its 189 member states, with each country represented on the Board of Governors. The IBRD has its executive leadership and staff which conduct its normal business operations. The Bank's member governments are shareholders which contribute and have the right to vote on its matters. In addition to contributions from its member nations, the IBRD acquires most of its capital by borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues at a preferred rate because of its AAA credit rating.
In 2011, it raised US$29 billion in capital from bond issues made in 26 different currencies. The Bank offers several financial services and products, including flexible loans, grants, risk guarantees, financial derivatives, and catastrophic risk financing. It reported lending commitments of $26.7 billion made to 132 projects in 2011. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement
World Bank cop. 2002Book -
2by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementAccess to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
De Bœck Supérieur 2010
Full text Nantes Université
-
3by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement
Banque mondiale 1994Book -
4
-
5
-
6by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementVolume Holdings :
Banque mondiale 1947-
BU Droit - Économie : (1981) - (1983) ; (1986) - (1994), Cote : PLU 557
Journal -
7
-
8by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementAccess to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
De Boeck Supérieur 2015
Full text Nantes Université
-
9by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementAccess to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
De Boeck Supérieur 2014
Full text Nantes Université
-
10by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementAvailable online : Online Via Le droit d'informer
De Boeck DL 2005
Book -
11
-
12by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementAccess to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
De Boeck Supérieur 2014
Full text Nantes Université
-
13by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement
Banque mondiale 1989Book -
14
-
15
-
16by Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développementVolume Holdings :
Banque mondiale 1978-2011
BU Droit - Economie : (1979) - (1981) ; (1983) - (2000) ; (2002) - (2003) ; (2005) - (2006) ; (2008) - (2010), Cote : PLU605
Journal -
17
-
18by Rawski Thomas George
Economica 1980Book -
19Banque mondiale 1982Book
-
20World Bank 1985Book