International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States; it is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. It is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944, was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff.Following the reconstruction of Europe, the Bank's mandate expanded to advancing worldwide economic development and eradicating poverty. The IBRD provides commercial-grade or concessional financing to sovereign states to fund projects that seek to improve transportation and infrastructure, education, domestic policy, environmental consciousness, energy investments, healthcare, access to food and potable water, and access to improved sanitation.
The IBRD is owned and governed by its 189 member states, with each country represented on the Board of Governors. The IBRD has its executive leadership and staff which conduct its normal business operations. The Bank's member governments are shareholders which contribute and have the right to vote on its matters. In addition to contributions from its member nations, the IBRD acquires most of its capital by borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues at a preferred rate because of its AAA credit rating.
In 2011, it raised US$29 billion in capital from bond issues made in 26 different currencies. The Bank offers several financial services and products, including flexible loans, grants, risk guarantees, financial derivatives, and catastrophic risk financing. It reported lending commitments of $26.7 billion made to 132 projects in 2011. Provided by Wikipedia
-
41World bank 1983Book
-
42World bank 1981Book
-
43World bank 1982Book
-
44World bank 1982Book
-
45Book
-
46World bank 1982Book
-
47World Bank c1992Book
-
48De Boeck 2014Access to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
Full text Nantes Université
-
49Reserve bank of India 1981Book
-
50World Bank 1992Book
-
51World Bank c1984Book
-
52Book
-
53De Boeck Supérieur 2014Access to this resource is handle by Nantes Université library.
Full text Nantes Université
-
54World Bank 1986-Volume Holdings :
BU Droit : (2011) - (2017)
Available online : Online Via Oxford University Press
Available online : Online Via Oxford University Press
Journal -
55by Fonds monétaire internationalVolume Holdings :
Economica 1968-
BU Droit : (1965) - Vol. 48 no. 1 (2011) ; Vol. 48 no. 3 (2011) - Vol. 57 no. 4 (2020) [Lacunes : No. 1/1965, Nos 1,2/1967, No. 1/1975, Nos 1,2/1976, No. 2/1977, Années 1982 à 1986, Nos 1,2,3/1988, vol. 48 no. 2 (2011)]
Available online : Online Via FMI
Journal -
56The World Bank 1993Book
-
57by Annual World bank conference on development economicsVolume Holdings :
The World Bank cop. 1996-
BU Droit - Économie : (1996) - (1997) Recouvre : (1995) - (1996), Cote : PLU 656
Journal -
58by Annual World bank conference on development economicsVolume Holdings :
The World Bank cop. 1990-cop. 1995
BU Droit - Économie : (1995) Recouvre : (1994), Cote : PLU 656
Journal -
59IUCN cop.1990Book
-
60by Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement
United Nations 1994Book